lunes, 15 de marzo de 2010

National and Organizational Culture


Culture is always a determinant topic in the development of a country, a society or an organization; it determines how the group of people acts and how they relate each other.

Culture has had a lot of different definitions but most people agree that culture is the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.

In a country, culture differentiates the national inhabitants from the outsiders; it is a group of characteristics that makes the group different from the others.

In most of the cases, the culture, values and beliefs inside a country should be similar in order to make the connivance better and easier for the people, but in most of the cases, there are several differences inside the sub groups of the society and it makes the relations harder. It is important to understand the culture of a certain group of people to understand “their way”, the way they act, they relate with the others.

Culture could be an obstacle for the international relations because of all the barriers that it creates for the people involved, but is also a powerful tool for the people that get to know the differences and use them for the own benefits.

An organization acts pretty much like a country but in a lower level; it has its own culture, its own values and is because of this that all the organizations should be considered different and should be treated like that, for example talking about something as simple as paying, there are some preferences and different styles in all the organizations so it is important to understand the differences in order to understand the way of each organization.

Bibliography:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture

2. Corporate Culture: more myth than reality? While business success and failure are often laid to "culture," the term is elusive and frequently misused. Experts in organization behavior say it's difficult to alter a company's culture, and when it does shift, it's often the result of successful business performance changes; Millman, Gregory J.



Essay

The importance of culture inside the organization.

Nowadays, the organizations are becoming more internationals, the employees are more from other countries, the costumers, are all around the world and the scenario is the earth. But even with all this globalization, is still there an own culture inside the organizations?

There is a globalization process going on and all the organizations must get into it, but there is an organizational culture that is different in all the organizations and is proper for each one and is this organizational culture the one that differentiates one company to the other.

The organizational culture should be proper and is the responsible of creating value to the company, the best way of creating value to an organization is through the culture, it is the one that can make the enterprise work in a way that differentiates it from the competitors and is how it is recognized from the other.

The organizational culture should be well specified and accepted by all the members of the organization and should be defined according to the beliefs and desires hat even the owners and the employees accept about the organization. It should define the way that the rest of the people conceive the enterprise.

If there is an important change for an organization such as a merge or else, the culture of the organization should be adapted to the new culture of the merged company, and is a matter of the human resources team to make the integration process easy and to adapt, without changing, the organizational culture.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWiZ4f6Qzhs

Ethnographic research


Ethnography has to do with the cultural issue of the people; it includes customs, beliefs and behavior, of a certain group of people. When is used in an investigation, it needs that the investigator understand the way that particular community acts and way they do it so, and it is only possible by making the correct approach to the group and mixing and getting touch by the group analyzed.

For making a correct ethnographical research, it is important to have a close up with the group investigated, but also is important to include in the investigation topics like history, beliefs, even language must be taken into account in order to do a good investigation.

These kinds of investigations are made by “researchers trained in the art of ethnography” (according to Mr. MICHAEL GENZUK, PH.D, in the text: A SYNTHESIS OF ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH).

For the research, the experts usually use some common methods like interviews with the people inside and outside the community been observed, observation of the way they live, how they act and other situations that define the way this certain group is; and finally documentation that includes an historical framework, some thoughts of the members of the group and other information that can be helpful for the investigation.

Ethnographic studies may be holistic; they may include all the different aspects that can affect the way of acting or living, etc. of the investigated group of people in order to have the most information as possible to do a certain description of the group of interest. It includes: the place where they live, the improvements they've made to that place, how they are making a living and providing food, housing, energy and water for themselves, what their marriage customs are, what languages they speak and so on.

It is important to be very open-minded and to let behind all the pre-concepts of the group investigated in order to have a non weighted point of view and make a better research and more specific one.

Bibliography:

1. Mr. MICHAEL GENZUK, PH.D, in the text: A SYNTHESIS OF ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fM_CJ5vDK4

Answers:

Case 1:

the first case that will be analyzed, is a study made by “InsightExpress” in the United States to assess the barbecue preferences of the American consumers 18 and up. What they wanted with the research was to understand behaviors around barbecuing and condiment usage and to see firsthand the condiments consumers keep in their homes.

The research was made by the net, and the answers were analyzed and organized in order to take better conclusions, also the respondents were asked to take a picture of the condiments in their refrigerator using their mobile phone camera in order to make the research even more clear. InsightExpress surveyed 1544 respondents for the online phase of the research and 156 pictures were submitted, representing a 10% participation rate. (Case Study: Mobile Ethnography Research, Posted by Joy Liuzzo on February 5, 2009)

The research result shows that the most popular items to barbecue were: Hamburgers, chicken and steaks; and the most used condiments were: BBQ sauce, marinade and ketchup.


Taken from: http://mrspace.ning.com/profiles/blogs/case-study-mobile-ethnography


At this study, we can see that Americans prefer to barbeque hamburgers, chicken or stakes, if we take into account that there are more than 300 million people living in the US, with a considered purchasing power, we can conclude that this could be a good market for exporting this barbeque products, and also the result can tell us that other type of products are not going to be as well accepted as the ones mentioned before.



Case 2:

The second case is going to be invented by me in order to make it easier to understand for the reader.

The investigation is going to be about the acceptance of the president Chaves in Venezuela.

The investigations consist in living in Venezuela for one year (a year could be a regular time to understand what people feel about their president),and make some interviews with the people from all the society, even the higher and the lower classes to avoid weighted results; also it will include some observations of the things that happen inside the country and how they affect the image of the president.

The results shows that most of the people in against the president Chaves, this tendency is more notable in the higher classes but there is an non conformism feeling in the lowest spheres too.

This result is important for the people in the international business because it shows that is not a matter of love of the people what is going on in Venezuela but a matter of something different hat could change very easy and also the way that the nation is managed. It includes the international relations of the country and obviously that affect the commerce to and from the nation.



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWq6IhwxHbw

China


China is the largest country in East Asia, and the most populated one. Is placed in the eastern part of the Asian continent and is one of the richest countries in the world.

China is one of the world´s oldest countries having the richest history of the world that dates from more than 5000 year ago. It used to be an open country full of commerce and trade tradition with the whole world, but during a long period of time their governors decide to close their frontiers and they close the economy isolation the country from the rest of the world. Some time ago they reopen the frontiers and they start trading again with the world. Then a communist revolution won the control of the government and since then they have had a communist economical system, but they discovered that it was better to manage an open economy and for this reason their economical system is considered a kind of capitalism for the international trade but a communism for the internal matters.

China is considered as “the factory of the world” because most of the products are made there it includes all kind of products from toys and clothes to technological products such as TVs and more. Since the open to the world, china has got a lot of development from the system of production and services they have.

The Chinese culture and the government style are very important to understand the development of the country. There are some aspects like the obedience and the respect for the others that have been very helpful for the great achievements of this country.

Bibliography:

1. Slides presented in class by: Juan Manuel Betancourt, Manuela Restrepo, and Sara saldarriaga.

2. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/República_Popular_China

Answer

For the Chinese people, it is very important the concept of “Guanxi” that means “personal conections” (according to the presentation given by: Juan Manuel Betancourt, Manuela Restrepo, and Sara saldarriaga). It is very important for chines to build up personal relations for every stage of their lives.

According to Dr. Pablo Mejia, it is really important to build up a good connection, a relationship with the Chinese you are trying to deal with because for them the relations means everything, is that important that you can fail a negotiation only because of the fact that you haven´t build the proper relation with the other.

I thing that one of the facts of the successful of the Chinese system is the use of the external relations, they were late for the development of the region but after they got confidence and make the proper relations they were like awake and pass the other countries that build their relations based in the business itself not in a relation person to person as the Chinese do.

This relationship could be misunderstand because could look like corruption because favors are made for the people inside the “guanxi” circle it is a relation in which you give and receive, it’s a relation of complementary, I help you if you help me later. It doesn’t mean that they are corrupted; they are just used to manage their lives according to this social system.

The Chinese culture is different to the western culture but it should be well understand because of the continues growing of the Chinese economy at the point that it could be one of the super powers of the future.

Bibliography:

1. Slides presented by: Juan Manuel Betancourt, Manuela Restrepo, and Sara saldarriaga

2. Class: Estudios de Area Asia pacific by Dr: Pablo Mejia.

3. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanxi

Taken from:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvZDXRp148c

East Asia



Asia is the largest continent in the world, for a long time it has been considered as the Far East, but it is just a European appreciation because it is actually the close west if we look from America.

Asia is really extensive and for that reason we are going to focus this part of the blog in the eastern part of the continent that includes: China, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.

This region is known for its culture that includes some similar aspects such as religion (most of the countries practices Buddhism, Confucianism (not a religion), Taoism, and Shinto). The history of the region is pretty similar in all he countries; it includes a lot of invasions from other countries inside the region and from other parts of the world. Another characteristic important for the region is the fast development process in the last century, if we take into account that some years ago they were colonies.

For this topic we are going to focus in South Korea that could be considered as the faster in the developing process in the region, even though Japan is one of the largest economies in the world, the fast growing of Korea makes us get interested in this country.

South Korea is a small country placed in the Korean peninsula, is rich in culture and history because of all the things that have happened in this territory like different wars, invasions and some more.

South Korea is also considered as a center of services for the international business, also is one of the world´s factories, with the production of a lot of technological products and other, coping the model from the Japanese production system.

Samsung is a Korean company and is the perfect example of the Korean economy; it is a “Chaebol”, which consist in a conglomerate of enterprises that manages almost everything in the country. The Samsung group is known worldwide and represents the 15% of the South Korean GDP (according to the slides presented in class by: Johan Mejia Saenz and Carlos Torres Muskus).

The Chaebol model was taken from the Japanese system applied in the 60´s after the Second World War.

Bibliography:

1. slides presented in class by: Johan Mejia Saenz and Carlos Torres Muskus

2. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Sur

Answer

The Japanese and the Korean management styles are very similar because we could say that the second one was copied from the first one, they have the same bases and they both were very helpful for the development and the growing of the two countries, but they have some differences as well, even though they started from the same base, they have had to assume different changes in order to get adapted to the culture and make the process easier for each country, as we have been saying, there aren´t two equal countries, fir this reason what works in some place could not be so productive in another.

As some similarities we could mention some aspects as the cultural heritage (Confucianism, Buddhism) and other historical aspects that make the systems look alike.

For the differences we are going to make a comparison box in where we are going to include all the most relevant aspects of the manager styles in Korea and Japan and we are going to compare how different they are.

Japan

Korea

Workers

Lifetime employment, all the employees expect to get retired from the company

Free changes, employees can easily move from a job to another

Managerial style

Workers are important and taken into account

Authoritarian style, only the manager takes the decisions

Managed by

External managers are uncharged of the company, those are selected because of the experience

Family members, are uncharged of managing the companies, in most of the cases the position in a company is taken by the family members

Working style

Groupism. The work in teams is very accepted in Japan in were the collectivism is better that individualism

Individualism is accepted for the workers who works for their owns and not for the group

Bibliography:

1. Class notes

Expatriate assignments and overseas experiences


An expatriate is a person that lives permanently or temporary in another country different from the birth country. An expatriate assignment is when somebody is send to a different country for making a specific assignment and for a certain term of time. An expatriate assignment is the one that includes the moving of the person from a country to another, this kind of experience is very common in the nowadays world were the globalization ask the companies to expand it knowledge and to act worldwide, an expatriate assignment in most of the cases is well accepted by the worker because it doesn’t implies a definitive movement, and in most of the cases it means better economical conditions and more knowledge.

It is different from a migrant worker because the second implies a definitive movement and a lot of changes for the worker and for his family; it is harder to find a worker that is able to move from his home country that one that is agree with moving for a certain time.

An overseas experience is when somebody plans a travel for a certain time, and the objectives are for having a different experience such as learning a language, studying abroad or just spending some time in a different country. It is different from vacations because the main objective is not for having fun but for learning something and learning from a different culture.

This kind of experiences (expatriate assignments and overseas experiences) are very common around the world and in most of the cases they represent an advantage for the host country because it receives a person that is not going to state for ever but they have to spend some money for living the time they are going to state.

Bibliography:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_experience

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate

3. Slides presented in class by: Alejandro Peláez, and Juan David Pardo

taken from:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ud93I_adtJE&feature=related

Answer

Expatriate assignments are issues that are uncharged to somebody in order to obtain a benefit from the movement of the worker abroad.

Sometimes this kind of assignments can fail because of the lack of commitment of the chosen person, it means that this issues demand a lot of money for the company making the assignment, it also includes a lot of preparation for the worker and a lot of commitment for being able to complete the task.

Some of the cases the expatriate left the job because he doesn’t feel able for making the whole work, some pressures like the family and the culture could end up with a process of an expatriate assignment.

For making this risk lower, companies should make the process of selection of the expatriate better, for this I recommend 3 important issues:

1. The preparation have to be clear in order to let the future expatriate know what is all the activity about and how is going to be the time outside, for this is important to make a concretization process which should include a psychological analysis in order to establish if the worker is in the conditions for affronting the following experience.

2. The second task that the enterprise should do is to make a serious commitment of respecting the expatriate job, some of the expatriates are afraid of losing their jobs when they come back, because of the replacement by another person. It is a matter of the company to preserve the job for the expatriate in order to keep hem comfortable with the things back home.

3. The third thing that should be done is a responsibility of the family of the expatriate. In most of the cases, family is the stringer link with the home country and is one of the most common reasons for ending up the assignment. It is important that the family agrees the activity that is going to be done in order to make easier the whole expatriate assignment.

Migrant Workers


“Migrant workers” is a topic that has had different meanings around the world, but most of the definitions agree that is he person that moves to another country looking for job opportunities. There is the United nations definition that settle that The term "migrant worker" refers to a person who is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national”, it means that everybody working outside the national country could be consider as migrant worker. (According to the United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families)

According to the United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, there are some rules settled in the mentioned convention that protects the migrant workers rights; some of the most important issues mentioned in the convention are the topics related with the exploitation of the workers, the protection for them and their families, the expulsion of the host country and some other that are important to take into account if planning a migrant worker opportunity.

Migrant workers are highly important for the economies even for the home country and the host country, it doesn’t mean in a positive way in all the cases, most of the migrant workers left their countries looking for opportunities and it included qualified and non qualified labor force, in the case of the non qualified labor force, it could constitute a problem for the host country because of the breakdown of the prices and the impact it has in the domestic economy, and in the other hand we have the qualified labor force that could also be a problem because it takes the jobs of the nationals and create unemployment, they also send in most of the cases the money they earn to the national country and it could be a problem for the local economy that have to control very well the policies in this area.

Bibliography:

1. the United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

2. Slides presented in class by: Carolina Ramirez, and Sebastian Ramirez

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_worker



taken from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AV1QifYVu14

Answer

The Points System in Canada, is a method applied by the Canadian government in which they qualify the possible immigrants in a test of pointing, it consist in solving a number of questions that gives you a score and according to the score you can apply or not for having the permission to go and work in Canada.

The test is made for evaluating how skilled are you and how convenient could you be for the Canadian economy, the questions you could find in the test are related to 8 topics that are:

1. Education

2. English and French language ability

3. Work experience

4. Age

5. Arranged employment

6. Adaptability

7. Proof of founds

8. Other requirements

(Taken from www.workpermit.com)

This protectionist measures are just normal in an economy, it is a matter of the governments to protect the national economy and one of the most important issues are the workers, for these reason I don’t consider the points system as a way of discrimination, it is a duty of a government to protect the sovereignty and migrants could be accepted or not according to the actual world organization.

It is clear that the measures taken by the Canadian Government could affect a lot of immigrants that are not as qualified a the government ask for getting the permission, but it is also clear that a government have to protect the nationals and if the Canadian Government consider that some unqualified workers are a potential problem, they can and have the obligation to take all the measures they need in order to prevent a possible damage to the economical system.

Bibliography:

1. The Past and Future of Immigration to Canada. David Verbeeten